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Home My WebLink About20210755 269 Broadway Site Plan Hydrogeology ReportMay 18, 2022 Prime Group Holdings, LLC 85 Railroad Avenue Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 Attn: Mr. Gerard Moser e: gerard.moser@goprimegroup.com c/o Mr. Michael Roman, RA, AIA C2 Design Group Re: CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report 269 Broadway Saratoga Springs, NY Terracon Project No. JB205029 Dear Mr. Roman: 1rerracon GeoReport. At your request, Terracon Consultants — NY, Inc. (Terracon) has prepared this letter report summarizing our responses to CHA's recommendations for conditions of approval by the City of Saratoga Springs Planning Department. The recommendations were outlined in Part P. of the CHA letter dated April 14, 2022, and stated: • "Design of the secant pile wall and dewatering systems should demonstrate no adverse effects to surrounding properties due to changing groundwater levels or ground movements during construction and/or long term. The design should include a construction instrumentation and monitoring plan for groundwater levels, and structure and ground movements." (for our response see pages 6, 7 and 8) • "Springs are reputedly present within the project area. Both the further explorations and instrumentation proposed by the geotechnical engineer of record, and the design of the building, secant pile wall system, and dewatering system should address the possible impacts of springs on the project." (for our response see pages 1 through 4, and 7) • "The design of the secant pile wall and dewatering systems should include an evaluation by a professional hydrogeologist that demonstrates no adverse impacts to the springs in Congress Park." (for our response see pages 1 through 4, and 7) To address these recommendations, a thorough understanding of the stratigraphy and hydrogeology of the Saratoga Springs area is necessary. Bedrock Geology and the Saratoga Springs The geology of the Saratoga Springs region has been intensely studied since the late 19t" century due to interest in the mineral springs which have served as a source of tourism and visitation since the early days of the community. The springs were known to the Iroquoian Tribes that inhabited the region prior to European settlement. The reputed medicinal properties of the springs were Terracon Consultants -NY, Inc. 30 Corporate Circle, Suite 201 Albany, New York 12203 P (518) 266 0310 F (518) 266 9238 terracon.com CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 communicated by the native people to the settlers, who also utilized the mineral waters for treatment of various conditions and as a general tonic. Although there are currently at least 17 "springs" known within the immediate area, only four springs were known historically where the water had enough force to push its way to the surface, and the only natural spring within Saratoga Springs itself is the High Rock Spring on the north side of town. The remainder of the famous "springs" aligned in a northeast to southwest lineament were all formed by drilling wells that perforated a thin shale confining layer, tapping the water of the underlying the Gailor Formation of the Beekmantown Group carbonates (Fig.1). rt En d � SPRl0' a Saratoga , f /QL 0 10 15 20 stoluIe Miles o CARBONATED SALINE SARATO - TYPE WATERS SALINE PRIVATE WELLS SHOUT CARBONATION I I I �I r� fl` — KNOWN AND INFERRED FAULTS _ _ T ,_ T CONTACT OF TACONIC ALLDCHTHOOM I CK-i= Figure 1. Locations of wells and springs with Saratoga Type waters or saline waters in the Saratoga Basin (from Young and Putnam, 1979). 2 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 It was recognized even in the earliest geological studies that the spring and mineral wells followed the alignment of a fault, later named the Saratoga Fault, and that this fault separated a series of Ordovician and Cambrian age carbonates to its west, from a shale unit to its east. The first detailed study of the geology of the Saratoga Springs quadrangle was carried out by the New York State Museum in 1910-1912 and published together with the geology of the Schuylerville quadrangle in a combined map. This mapping clearly showed the presence of the carbonate units to the west of the fault, and the Canajoharie Shale (part of the lower Utica Shale of Middle Ordovician age) to the east of the fault. However, in this study the carbonates were divided into a series of units based on their lithology, with names that were later abandoned in subsequent studies. Eventually, these carbonates were all "lumped" into the Beekmantown Group, but it was recognized that the primary unit that the mineral springs and wells were tapping into was the Gailor Formation of the Beekmantown Group (Young and Putnam, 1979). Further study of the geology established that the recharge zone for the Saratoga water was located where the Beekmantown Group carbonates cropped out high on the southeastern flanks of the Adirondack foothills (Fig. 2). E NVV Ad iron d ar. k toothill is aratog a S p rin g 9 re glary Saratoga rJrtgs- Flows of Water in fau#t zone Fs apparently along the lauit 19 the NNE (akt of t e plans of ft page): Fra ctLse n rW &olktori pGrosity in the fa ulf zc3f1 Rise of mixed (C) carters to the surface. t Figure 2. Schematic model of the Saratoga Springs mixed waters (from Hollecher, et al, 2002) The rising of the spring waters through natural fractures and drilled wells has been attributed to rise Of CO2 bubbles degassing from the rising water, though in some cases there is also a significant artesian head. Some wells, if turned off, apparently had to be primed to get them to start flowing again. CO2 degassing caused the waters to become supersaturated with respect to calcite, and precipitation gradually sealed off the water conduits (Kemp, 1912). The fact that natural springs were present in the 1700's suggests recent fault movement opened new fractures. The aquifer rocks that host the deep, carbonated spring water are the Middle Ordovician Beekmantown Group limestones and dolomites (Figure 2). These rocks crop out along the southeastern margin of the Adirondack foothills (Figure 2) and are between 30 to 200 meters (98 to 686 feet) below the surface in Saratoga Springs as indicated by well records, deepening to the south- southwest along the trace Saratoga Springs -McGregor fault. Kemp (1912) stated that, on his survey 3 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 of spring site distribution, "nowhere did mineral water springs flow to the surface more than a few hundred feet from the fault." Most importantly, and with direct bearing on this project, Cushing and Ruedemann (1914) made it clear that no Saratoga -type mineral springs were found west of the fault. In fact, the only "spring" in the Congress Park area west of the fault is the Columbian Spring, a drilled well which produces fresh, non -mineral containing water (See exhibit 1, Appendix A). As such, this water is assumed to arise from an upper aquifer, most likely in the surficial deposits overlying the deep carbonate aquifer (Hollocher, et al. 2002). The 269 Broadway Project site is located approximately 180 feet west of the fault. Since the solution - enlarged fractures and seams which carry the water to the fault are so deeply seated, and that no Saratoga -type mineral springs or wells have ever been found west of the fault, it is unlikely that the project will impact or effect any of the existing springs/wells. In addition, it is also highly unlikely for this reason that any spring waters will be encountered during the advancement of the secant pile wall sockets into the bedrock. It is of note that a rock core collected from boring B-2 at 28 feet below the surface compared favorably with the Trenton -Black River Limestones that are known to overlie the aquifer -bearing Beekmantown Group' rocks beneath. In the Saratoga Springs area the Trenton - Black River Limestones are up to 50 feet in thickness. With preliminary socket lengths for the secant pile wall planned between 5 and 10 feet long, drilling should be confined to the Trenton -Black River Limestones exclusively, and it is most likely that the sockets will not reach the aquifer -bearing Gailor Formation below. For reference, the Park Place Condominiums building located east of this project is supported upon drilled micropiles with similar length rock sockets in the Trenton -Black River Limestones. There were no known impacts to the springs caused by the Park Place construction. Surficial Geology Except for the rock socketed portion of the secant wall piles, the subsurface installation of the piles will be in the surficial deposits overlying the carbonate bedrock. The surficial geology of the site and its environs is mapped as underlain by lacustrine (lakebed) sediments, most likely deposited in a lake that formed in the Saratoga Basin after the retreat of the Wisconsinan Glacier as meltwater became impounded. This formed glacial Lake Albany, and various subordinate lakes including the Saratoga glacial lake. The sediments underlying the project site are mapped as Lacustrine Sand (see exhibit 2, Appendix A), which were found to overlie Lacustrine Silt and Clay deposits. Beneath the lake sediments west of the fault at the project site is a stratum of glacial till several feet in thickness which overlies the carbonate bedrock. The surficial sediments range from 15 to 20 feet in thickness west of the Saratoga Fault, to over 50 feet to the east of the fault in the down -dropped block (see Figure 3). Below the surficial sediments 'In the Saratoga Springs area, the aquifer -bearing Gailor Formation of the Beekmantown Group is at least 256 feet thick at the minimum but may be much thicker. 0 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 on the east side of the fault is the Canajoharie (Lower Utica) Shale which has probably been stripped by erosion west of the fault. The shale forms the confining layer east of the fault through which the Saratoga "Spring" wells have been drilled. _ Scarp thrown fatiIt block Fault trace Vr Fault Downthrown fault block se t sed i wntary I aye es - cufrerit . rO LI n c s u r ace _LTre-P1on - B 1' .1k Fri v e r L err i7 � BeeVm E-417 :c`�'S rw fo Is Figure 3. Diagrammatic cross section of the Saratoga Fault. Post -faulting erosion has obliterated the fault scarp and removed much of the overburden (Utica Shale and surficial deposits) west of the fault. The lacustrine sediments are capped by a stratum of sandy soils mapped as the Windsor loamy sand, 3 to 8 percent slopes (Soil Code WnB) in the soil survey of Saratoga County, NY. These soils are derived from the Lacustrine Sand stratum. In the developed area of Saratoga Springs, much of the WnB soil and Lacustrine Sand parent material has been stripped away, being replaced and capped by variable thicknesses of fill. Examination of boring logs from various sites where Terracon (formerly Dente) performed subsurface investigations indicated that west of the Saratoga Fault, the Lacustrine Sand stratum is persistently thin, averaging less than 5 feet in thickness. At some sites it has been completely replaced with fill. This is in contrast to east of the fault, where the same Lacustrine Sand stratum thickens to an average of 15 to 20 feet, or more, in areas where its upper section has not been replaced by fill. It is of note that the documented hydraulic conductivity (K) of the WnB soil ranges from high to very high (10-3 to 10-2 cm/sec). Studies of surficial aquifers in Saratoga County determined the average hydraulic conductivity of the lacustrine sands to be approximately 94 ft/day (3.3 x 10-2 cm/sec), within the expected range for these types of sediments (Heisig, 1994; Heath and Tannenbaum, 1963). Similar hydraulic characteristics would be expected in the overlying fill, which classified as silty sand (SM). Based on classification of the lower lacustrine sediments encountered in the site borings as varved silty clay (CL-ML), the value of K in this deposit may range from medium to very low (10-4 to 10-6 cm/sec). This varved clay stratum compares favorably to the Lacustrine Silt and Clay Deposits described in the literature, and prior studies have shown this stratum to be practically impermeable. The glacial till above the bedrock was classified as silty sand with gravel (SIVI), and its inferred K 5 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 would also be high to very high (10-1 to 10-2 cm/sec). However, our extensive experience with the glacial tills in the immediate project vicinity indicates that typical K values would be on the order of 10-4 to 10-5 cm/sec; our analysis considers this lower range of permeability. Thus, the units with the highest predicted transmissivity would be the fill and underlying sand stratum, with the lacustrine sediments and glacial till possibly acting as an aquitard2 or leaky confining layer. This would account for the fact that during the advancement of the eight site borings, groundwater was encountered in five of them just above the lacustrine stratum, at an elevation of 289 feet on the western side of the site, and 289.5 feet on the eastern side, suggesting a gentle inclination in the hydraulic gradient towards the west (see attached groundwater elevation diagram). It should be noted that these groundwater elevations were only recorded during the advancement of the borings, and that longer - term water level readings may differ. The subsurface conditions encountered at the 269 Broadway site are similar to those encountered east of the project site at the Park Place Condominiums and are considered favorable to the planned construction. It should be noted that the water bearing fill sand and native sand stratum was thicker (15 feet on average) at the Park Place site and required more extensive dewatering operations than those anticipated at the 269 Broadway site, again favorable to the planned construction. The Park Place building was successfully constructed with a below ground parking garage level and employs a jet grout groundwater cutoff wall along its west and south sides to divert groundwater around the building, and a continuous pump system to maintain groundwater levels beneath the building. Dewatering Considerations In situ testing conducted with the fill and native sand strata at the Park Place project site indicated hydraulic characteristics similar to those estimated in the Surficial Geology section above, with hydraulic conductivity (K) values from 2 to 4 x 10-3 cm/sec. We have prepared estimates of expected dewatering volumes for the 269 Broadway site in consideration of the project specific subsurface information collected to date and our prior experience at the Park Place project site. Dewatering will occur at various times during the project, namely during construction of the secant pile wall system, during removal of the soils within the secant pile wall system to facilitate building construction, and long-term dewatering after building construction is complete. The following presents our considerations of each dewatering period and provides preliminary estimates of anticipated dewatering volumes. The secant pile wall construction is planned to be performed using rotary drilling methods employing temporary casings and engineered drilling slurries to stabilize the excavation during spoils removal. The methods for advancing the excavations must be compatible with the existing soil and groundwater conditions so as not to influence adjacent structures. The contractor will be responsible 2A geologic formation or stratum that lies adjacent to an aquifer and that allows only a small amount of liquid to pass. 0 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 for providing submittals demonstrating that excavation methods will maintain balanced hydrostatic head conditions so as not to cause potential ground loss beneath adjacent building structures. The submittal will be required to be reviewed and approved by the Geotechnical Engineer of Record. Dewatering activities during the construction of the secant piles are anticipated to be limited to that volume displaced from the excavation when concrete is placed to backfill the secant pile. Terracon has already been retained by Prime Group to design a construction instrumentation plan to monitor groundwater levels, along with structure and ground movements. This plan will include stop work thresholds and contingency plans in the event of unexpected conditions. Reports summarizing the monitoring program will be prepared by Terracon and made available to the City's Engineering Department during the course of construction. After construction of the secant pile wall system, the existing soils contained within the limits of the secant pile wall will be excavated. The water bearing sand fill and native sand soils will require dewatering prior to their excavation from the building area. Considering the subsurface information available to us at this time, we estimate that approximately 150,000 gallons of water will need to be removed from the sand prior to its excavation. For comparison purposes, we estimated 1 M gallons of water would need to be removed from the sand stratum at the Park Place site to facilitate construction of that building. Long term dewatering volumes after building construction is complete have been estimated considering the subsurface soil and water conditions at the site and a conservative seepage factor considering a "tight sheet piling" system in accordance with the recommendations of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Design Manual DM-7.1. Our preliminary estimates indicate about 14 gallons/minute will infiltrate the secant pile wall and will require dewatering using permanent pump systems as gravity discharge is not feasible. We consider this estimate to be conservative as a secant pile wall is expected to experience less seepage than the modeled "tight sheet piling" system, and therefore the corresponding volume of dewatering to be less than that currently estimated. For comparison purposes, the City of Saratoga Springs Engineering Department estimates that the dewatering system beneath the Park Place Condominiums building directs water into the City's stormwater system at a rate of about 150 gallons/minute, or more than 10 times that estimated for the 269 Broadway project. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on our understanding of the project and its relation to the site's bedrock and surficial hydrogeology, Terracon offers the following conclusions and recommendations. (;nnr.h.ginn.q • Based on prior studies of the hydrogeology of the Saratoga Springs area, it is unlikely that the secant wall pile sockets will intercept any springs or affect the nearby "springs" (wells) in Congress Park. 7 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 • Terracon has been retained by Prime Group to design a construction instrumentation plan to monitor groundwater levels, along with structure and ground movements during construction. This plan will include stop work thresholds and contingency plans in the event of unexpected conditions. Reports summarizing the monitoring program will be prepared by Terracon and made available to the City's Engineering Department during the course of construction. • Proposed dewatering methods during construction will need to be submitted by the contractor selected and reviewed and approved by the Geotechnical Engineer of Record. • Preliminary estimates of dewatering required to facilitate building construction and long-term dewatering should be reviewed by the site engineer and provisions made to minimize impacts to existing infrastructure. Construction dewatering is estimated to be significantly less than that required for the successful construction of the Park Place project. No reported impacts to the existing aquifer or springs in Congress park were realized as a result of the Park Place project. Recommendations • The information obtained through our geotechnical evaluation and this hydrogeologic study is considered sufficient for selection of the secant pile wall system and planned building construction. Additional test borings will be drilled prior to submittal of the construction documents to the Building Department to refine our analysis and design for construction of the secant pile wall and dewatering systems. These test borings will include soil sampling and bedrock coring, and installation of groundwater monitoring wells. The wells will be screened across the various surficial sediments encountered above the bedrock (i.e., fill, sand stratum, lacustrine deposits, and glacial till), and within the bedrock. • In -situ testing of groundwater in the wells described above will be conducted to determine hydraulic conductivity (K), transmissivity (T), and groundwater velocity (v). These aquifer characteristics will be useful in designing the dewatering system for the project, which will ultimately be the responsibility of the contractor and require review by the Geotechnical Engineer of Record. • Additional testing and reports completed during the construction document phase will be provided to the City of Saratoga Springs. Closure The analysis and recommendations presented herein have been completed in accordance with generally accepted geotechnical engineer and engineering geology practices. No warranties, expressed or implied, are made as to the professional advice presented herein. This hydrogeologic study was performed to provide a general overall understanding of the hydrogeologic conditions at the 269 Broadway Office site as they relate to the proposed 0 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 development as planned at this time. As development plans are further developed, Terracon should be given the opportunity to review them to evaluate their impact upon the information presented herein. We appreciate the opportunity to be of service to you on this project. If you have any questions concerning this report or if we may be of further service, please contact us. Sincerely, Terracon Consultants -NY, Inc. For Hobert K. Denton Jr., CPG, LP%S'S Senior Geologist John Hutchison, P.E Senior Geotechnical Engineer Attachments 0 �'� gk�� Joseph Robichaud, Jr., P.E. Principal /Office Manager GeoModel, Subsurface Profile, Groundwater Elevation Diagram, Appendix A —Bedrock and SurFicial Geology Maps (2 pages) References Cited Cushing, H.P., and Ruedemann, 1914, Geology of Saratoga Springs and vicinity: New York State Museum, Bulletin — 169, 177 p., 2 plates. Geology of the Saratoga Springs Quadrangle, by H. P. Cushing, R. Ruedemann, and W. J. Miller, 1909-1910. Hollocher, K., Quintin, L. and D. Ruscitto, 2002, Geochemistry and Source of the Saratoga Springs, NYGSA. Heath, R.C. 1963, Summary of ground -water conditions in Saratoga County, in Heath, R.C., Mack, F.K., and Tannenbaum, J.A., 1963, Ground -water studies in Saratoga County, New York: New York State Water Resources Commission Bulletin GW-49, p. 3-42. 9 CHA Comment Review Response and Hydrogeological Report Irerracon 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY GeoReport May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 Heath, R.C. and Tannenbaum, J.A., 1963, Ground -water resources of Saratoga N ationa! Historic Park, in Heath, R.C., Mack, F.K., and Tannenbaum, J.A., 1963, Groundwater studies in Saratoga County, New York: New York State Water Resources Commission Bulletin GW-49, p. 77-125. Heisig, P. M., 1994, Generalized Stratigraphy, Surficial Geology, Types of Aquifers and 1988-89 Ground -Water Pumpage in Eastern Saratoga County, New York, USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 93-4029. Kemp, J.F., 1912, The mineral waters of Saratoga: New York State Museum, Bulletin 159, 79 p. Young, J. R. and G. W. Putnam, 1979, Stratigraphy, Structure and the Mineral Waters of Saratoga Springs — Implications for Neogene Rifting, SUNY and NYGSA Field Trip Guide, A-101 B-14. 10 Geo Model 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 295 b- 1, 4A 2�)O % 2 ri 7 C 2 -J U3 7 er z 3 3 3 IJU 275 265 b92 lrerracon GeoReport- E 13-8 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fq VA B4 . ... ... .... . VNI NXI J21! 4 NXI FM 2 2 6 IF 2 2 3 3 r A F4 6" • 23. 2 .. .... ... .. .... ....._......._.. y. ... .... This is not a crms section- Ttiis iitto displa y Lr. C. I mok�u cii- Fy. Sc-k• individual li&qs for more detaited condiCorts- Modal L■ayar; Layer Nam DamfiPtill" Sx-icl vAh %mryr4g anvwm of A and grawz- r brawn. piaces of bri *, ooDeakwul wbb&m. &dam, Wag 2 Nativa swid Hative sand wiflh kmmr a mewa grava I and siltL genml I y vary base to km a 3 Lake Clays Silt and may. banded to vmved, gerierally very -soft to wft 4 Glacial Till Sky aand wth gravet oom&mal mbmes and tmidem gray to black generally medium dense t3 vety dense 5 Mdrt?Ck L; rr =-s Le, r. r= LEGEND Asphalt ED Sifty Clay Bedru-:k L] Pqg reg a 0a tus Er 'CAAdal Till Silly;Sard 15M Fill Po al y-ga ded' Sa rid F oo r I y-gf ad ad S a n d wi Oh D Graval = Fret Wartec CbEervatim GroLmd&al a r Weis am Xopm 1. The levels Ovwm a rerWem n talim of the d at a armJ time of mw iaxpkm3bm. S*3r-4ficwA itonges are pDsstk aveir tuna. WaKxT lis veile a Nwn are as n-viaacured du d ng ervdior sfta r &A rkg. theses, ce ses, boring advarK*ment metbods mask Me preserca;atmw� of grimsAwater. See -7 divi d u 9 1 for details. 143TES: Layedng shmn m this. flue has been deviApEd bry the gBotechn" anginser far purposes of mad4ir-Fg the subsur-Nice ax-tdili4ans as required for the subsecluent gea&K.FricA-, anginswing far this project Nkirrtcws adiwent to mAl wUrnn it d=e dWh betm gnxind surface. Subsurface Profile 269 Broadway Project Saratoga Springs, NY May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 �"I 1 rerracon GeoReport Groundwater Elevation Diagram Irerracon 269 Broadway Project ■ Saratoga Springs, NY May 18, 2022 Terracon Project No. JB205029 GeoReport ' N J r t U D WASHINGTON ST Hathorn Spring Approximate No. 1 Obk Site Location Col mbian Sp ing Congress Spring Deer Park Spring T Oc Q Otbr U D A in S. Ln 0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Miles Legend IB20SO29 Site Bedrock Geology Exhibit Q Beekmantown Group (Obk) D Downthrown fault block Date: Fault Q Trenton & Black River Limestones (Otbr) U Upthrown fault block Apr 2022 Drawn By: RKD Irerracon Secant Pile Wall Hydrogeological Report 269 Broadway Site Cona Shale Oc lssss Highland vista Drive, Suite 170 Ashburn, VA20147 Saratoga Springs, NY oharie J ( ) T Transform (strike slip) fault Reviewed By: JR PH. (703) 726-8030 terracon.corn og d N t r s t k - Louutiv, k� U D Y Approximate Site Location Is T Is U D g Id Is 0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Milesal h2o Legend lacustrine sand (Is) till (t) IB20SO29 Site Surficial Geology Exhibit � Fault D Downthrown fault block Date: Irerracon 0 fluvial ravel f kame deposits (k) May 2022 Secant Pile Wall Hydrogeological Report 9 (9) 0 U Upthrown fault block Drawn By: RKD 269 Broadway . Site lssss Highland vista Drive, Saratoga Springs, NY 2 0 lacustrine delta Id 0 outwash sand and ravel O Suite 170 Ashburn, VA20147 ( ) 9 (9) T Transform (strike slip) fault Reviewed By: JR PH. (703) 726-8030 terracon.com